What does the Public Interest Disclosure Act protect?
Section 43B of the Employment Rights Act 1996, inserted by the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 in July 1999, protects a qualifying disclosure: information the worker reasonably believes is in the public interest and tends to show a criminal offence, a breach of a legal obligation, a miscarriage of justice, danger to health or safety, sexual harassment since 6 April 2026, damage to the environment, or concealment of any of these. It must go to the employer, a legal adviser, a prescribed person or, on stricter conditions, wider.
Do UK employers have to have a whistleblowing policy?
Not unless you are regulated. The gov.uk employer guidance of 6 April 2026 says you are not legally required to have a whistleblowing policy or to respond to disclosures. FCA SYSC 18 requires relevant authorised persons and Solvency II insurers to have arrangements and an annual report to the governing body, and the UK Corporate Governance Code 2024 expects boards of companies listed in the commercial companies category to provide a confidential route and review it. The October 2026 consultation asks whether to make a policy and procedures a statutory duty, possibly for employers with 50 or more employees.
Whistleblowing policy template →
Can a worker be dismissed for whistleblowing?
Dismissal where the reason or principal reason is a protected disclosure is automatically unfair under section 103A, with no qualifying period and no cap on compensation. Until 1 January 2027, ordinary unfair dismissal needs two years' service and compensation is capped at GBP 123,543. For dismissals from that date it needs six months' service and the cap is removed. The worker can apply for interim relief within seven days of the termination. Detriment short of dismissal is covered by section 47B, and the employer answers for co-workers and agents unless it took all reasonable steps. Detriment claims have six months from 1 October 2026, up from three.
Is a personal grievance covered by whistleblowing law?
Usually not. gov.uk says personal grievances are not covered by whistleblowing law unless the particular case is in the public interest, and Acas says a concern personal only to you is unlikely to count. The Court of Appeal in Chesterton Global v Nurmohamed, in July 2017, held that a disclosure in the worker's own interest can still qualify, depending on how many people are affected, the nature of the interests and the wrongdoing, and who the wrongdoer is. Run the two routes separately and record which one a concern took.
Do we have to accept anonymous reports?
PIDA does not require it, and gov.uk notes that anonymous disclosures are harder to investigate and may limit feedback. But Provision 6 of the UK Corporate Governance Code 2024 says there should be a means for the workforce to raise concerns in confidence and, if they wish, anonymously, and the gov.uk policy list includes confirming the anonymous options available. In practice the answer is yes: an anonymous route, a way to put questions to the reporter without learning who they are, and a policy that says what feedback to expect.
What will the 2026 consultation change?
Nothing yet. The consultation, published on 12 October 2026 by the Department for Business, Innovation, Science and Trade, closes on 8 January 2027. Option 1 is revised guidance that would stay non-statutory. Option 2 would create a statutory duty to have procedures, a policy and follow-up. The government would consider applying it to private employers with 50 or more employees and all public employers, possibly phased in and possibly excluding FCA-regulated firms, enforced by civil penalties. It cites Ireland's model of acknowledgment in seven days, a designated person and feedback in three months, and the FCA's SYSC 18 rules as an alternative. How prescriptive any duty would be is left to later engagement. It also asks who counts as a worker and whether interim relief should allow 14 days. Proposed, not decided.
Does this apply in Northern Ireland?
No. This page covers England, Wales and Scotland, where Part IVA of the Employment Rights Act 1996 applies. Northern Ireland has its own whistleblowing law, the Public Interest Disclosure (Northern Ireland) Order 1998, and the 2025 changes described here, including the sexual harassment category and the six-month time limit, do not apply there.